Introduction

21

Proactive Performance Management

21

Current Developments

24

About This Book

27

1 Performance Management of an SAP Solution

35

1.1 SAP Solution Architecture

36

1.1.1 SAP Solutions and SAP Components

36

1.1.2 Application Scenarios for SAP HANA

39

1.1.3 Client/Server Architecture

43

1.2 Monitoring and Optimization Plan for an SAP Solution

52

1.2.1 Requirements of a Monitoring and Optimization Plan

52

1.2.2 Service Level Management

56

1.2.3 Plan for Continuous Performance Optimization

62

1.2.4 Tools and Methods for the Monitoring and Optimization Plan

68

1.2.5 SAP Solution Manager

71

1.3 Summary

73

2 Analysis of Hardware, Database, and ABAP Application Server

77

2.1 Basic Terms

78

2.2 Hardware Monitoring

79

2.2.1 Analysis of a Hardware Bottleneck (CPU and Main Memory)

81

2.2.2 Identifying Read/Write (Input/Output) Problems

88

2.2.3 Parameter Changes and Network Check

89

2.3 Database Monitoring

91

2.3.1 Performance Monitor in the Database Administration Cockpit

92

2.3.2 Analyzing the Database Main Memory

94

2.3.3 Identifying Expensive SQL Statements

96

2.3.4 Identifying Read/Write (Input/Output) Problems

103

2.3.5 Other Database Checks

105

2.4 Analyzing SAP Memory Configuration

113

2.4.1 Analyzing SAP Buffers

114

2.4.2 Analyzing SAP Extended Memory, SAP Heap Memory, and SAP Roll Memory

116

2.4.3 Displaying Allocated Memory

118

2.4.4 Other Monitors for Detailed Analysis

120

2.5 Analyzing SAP Work Processes

122

2.5.1 Work Process Overview Fields

122

2.5.2 Analyzing Work Processes

126

2.5.3 Monitoring the Dispatcher Queue

129

2.6 Analysis of the Internet Communication Manager

131

2.7 Summary

132

2.8 Questions

133

3 Workload Analysis

135

3.1 Basics of Workload Analysis and Runtime Analysis

136

3.2 Workload Monitor

138

3.2.1 Working with the Workload Monitor

139

3.2.2 Technical Settings for the Workload Monitor

141

3.3 Workload Analysis

142

3.3.1 Transaction Step Cycle

142

3.3.2 Other Time Components

145

3.3.3 Interpreting Response Times

147

3.3.4 Activity, Throughput, and Load

149

3.4 Performing Workload Analyses

151

3.4.1 Analyzing General Performance Problems

151

3.4.2 Analyzing Specific Performance Problems

158

3.5 Single-Record Statistics

161

3.6 End-to-End Workload Analysis

166

3.6.1 Basics of End-to-End Workload Analysis

166

3.6.2 Central Workload Monitor

167

3.6.3 End-to-End Workload Monitor and Runtime Analysis in SAP Solution Manager

172

3.6.4 Central Single-Record Statistics

172

3.6.5 End-to-End Runtime Analysis in SAP Solution Manager

176

3.7 Summary

180

3.8 Questions

182

4 Hardware Sizing and Component Distribution

185

4.1 Initial Hardware Sizing

186

4.1.1 Overview of the Project for Initial Sizing

187

4.1.2 Sizing Methods

192

4.1.3 Performing a Sizing Project in Detail

197

4.1.4 SAP Standard Application Benchmarks

200

4.2 Sizing to Deal with Increased Workload, Change of Release, or Migration

206

4.2.1 A Sizing Project in an Installation Environment Already in Use

206

4.2.2 Performing Sizing in Installation Environments Used in Production

208

4.2.3 SAP HANA Migration

215

4.3 Planning the System Landscape

217

4.3.1 Virtualization and Hardware Consolidation

218

4.3.2 Scaling at the Database Level for SAP HANA

221

4.3.3 Distribution of SAP Application Instances

224

4.4 Summary

225

4.5 Questions

225

5 Optimization of ABAP Programs

227

5.1 Performance Trace

227

5.1.1 Activating a Performance Trace

228

5.1.2 Evaluating an SQL Trace

229

5.1.3 Other Functions in the SQL Trace

234

5.1.4 Evaluating a Buffer Trace

236

5.1.5 Evaluating a Remote Function Call Trace

237

5.1.6 Evaluating an HTTP Trace

238

5.1.7 Evaluating an Enqueue Trace

239

5.2 Performance Analysis with ABAP Trace (Runtime Analysis)

240

5.2.1 Activating an ABAP Trace

241

5.2.2 Evaluating an ABAP Trace

243

5.2.3 Using Variations

245

5.2.4 Using Timeline Views

247

5.3 Analyzing Memory Usage with ABAP Debugger and in the Memory Inspector

249

5.4 Code Inspector

252

5.5 Tips and Tricks for High-Performance ABAP Programs

254

5.6 Summary

260

5.7 Questions

261

6 Memory Management

263

6.1 Memory Management Fundamentals

263

6.1.1 Basic Terms

263

6.1.2 Memory Areas of the SAP Instance

265

6.1.3 Zero Administration Memory Management

268

6.1.4 Technical Implementation in Detail

268

6.1.5 Summary

278

6.2 Configuring and Monitoring Memory Areas

279

6.2.1 Monitoring Swap Space

280

6.2.2 Configuring and Monitoring SAP Memory Areas

282

6.2.3 Assistance with Troubleshooting

285

6.3 Summary

292

6.4 Questions

294

7 Load Distribution, Remote Function Calls, and SAP GUI

297

7.1 Services of SAP NetWeaver Application Server

298

7.2 Load Distribution within the ABAP Instances

301

7.2.1 Distributing Message and Enqueue Services

303

7.2.2 Distributing Dialog, Background, and Spool Work Processes

303

7.2.3 Distributing Users and Work Processes over CPU Resources

304

7.2.4 Dynamic User Distribution: Configuring Logon Groups

307

7.2.5 Load Distribution Concept for Dialog Work Processes

310

7.2.6 Limiting Resources per User

313

7.2.7 Operation Modes

314

7.2.8 Configuring Dynamic Work Processes

315

7.2.9 Background Processing

315

7.2.10 Update

316

7.3 Remote Function Calls

323

7.3.1 Fundamentals and Concepts

324

7.3.2 Remote Function Call Cycle

327

7.3.3 Configuring and Testing Remote Function Call Destinations

330

7.3.4 Selecting Serialization

334

7.3.5 Monitoring Inbound and Outbound Loads

336

7.3.6 Configuring Parallel Processes with Asynchronous Remote Function Calls

341

7.3.7 Monitoring Data Transfer with Transactional Remote Function Calls

342

7.3.8 Background Remote Function Calls

343

7.4 SAP Graphical User Interface

344

7.4.1 Interaction Model and Performance Measurement

344

7.4.2 Analyzing and Optimizing the Performance of GUI Communication

347

7.5 Summary

352

7.6 Questions

355

8 Internet Connection and SAP Fiori

357

8.1 SAP Web Applications

358

8.2 Analyses on the Presentation Server

362

8.2.1 Performance Tools of Internet Browsers

365

8.2.2 SAP Statistics in the HTTP Request

366

8.2.3 Continuously Monitoring Web Applications

369

8.3 Buffering of Web Documents

370

8.3.1 Browser Buffer (Browser Cache)

370

8.3.2 Buffer in the Internet Communication Manager and SAP Web Dispatcher

373

8.3.3 Content Delivery Network

375

8.3.4 Summary: Using Buffers in Web Applications

376

8.4 Performance Analysis of Web Applications on SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP

376

8.4.1 HTTP Trace in the Internet Communication Manager

377

8.4.2 Performance Analysis of ABAP Web Applications

378

8.4.3 Monitoring Web Service Calls

381

8.5 BSPs, Web Dynpro for ABAP, and Integrated ITS

381

8.5.1 Business Server Pages and Web Dynpro ABAP

382

8.5.2 Integrated Internet Transaction Server

385

8.6 SAP Fiori, SAPUI5, and OData Services

386

8.6.1 Basic Principles of SAP Fiori, SAPUI5, and OData

387

8.6.2 Structure of an SAP Fiori System Landscape

388

8.6.3 General Performance Aspects of SAP Fiori, SAPUI5, and OData

392

8.6.4 SAP Fiori, SAPUI5, and OData on the SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP

395

8.7 Conclusion

402

8.8 Questions

403

9 Optimizing Java Programs

405

9.1 Garbage Collection

407

9.1.1 Construction of the Java Heap

407

9.1.2 Garbage Collection Algorithms

409

9.1.3 Selection of Collectors

410

9.1.4 Parameterization of Java Heap Memory and Garbage Collection

411

9.1.5 Logging Garbage Collections

413

9.2 Just-in-Time Compiler

413

9.3 SAP Management Console

415

9.4 SAP Java Virtual Machine Profiler

417

9.4.1 Architecture

417

9.4.2 Establishing the Connection

418

9.4.3 Allocation Analysis

421

9.4.4 Performance HotSpot Analysis

427

9.4.5 Method Parameter Analysis

431

9.4.6 Synchronization Analysis

434

9.4.7 File and Network Input/Output Analysis

436

9.4.8 Garbage Collection Analysis

438

9.4.9 Class Statistics and Heap Dump

441

9.5 Memory Analyzer

443

9.5.1 Creating HPROF Files

443

9.5.2 Analysis of the Java Heap with the Memory Analyzer

444

9.6 Other Tools for Performance Analysis on the SAP NetWeaver AS Java

446

9.7 Summary

448

9.8 Questions

449

10 Locks

451

10.1 Lock Concepts of Database System and SAP System

452

10.1.1 Database Locks

452

10.1.2 SAP Enqueues

453

10.1.3 Read Consistency

455

10.2 Monitoring Locks

457

10.2.1 Database Locks

457

10.2.2 SAP Enqueues

462

10.2.3 Read Consistency

465

10.3 Number Range Buffering

466

10.3.1 Fundamentals

466

10.3.2 Activating Number Range Buffering

471

10.3.3 Monitoring Number Range Buffering

472

10.4 Locking with Quantities and the Available-to-Promise Server

473

10.4.1 Fundamentals

474

10.4.2 Configuring the Available-to-Promise Server

475

10.4.3 Monitoring the Available-to-Promise Server

478

10.5 Summary

479

10.6 Questions

479

11 Optimizing SQL Statements

481

11.1 Identifying and Analyzing Expensive SQL Statements

483

11.1.1 Identification and Preliminary Analysis

483

11.1.2 Detailed Analysis

485

11.2 Optimizing SQL Statements in Programs

490

11.2.1 The Five Golden Rules for Efficient SQL Programming

490

11.2.2 Example of Optimizing an SQL Statement in an ABAP Program

496

11.2.3 Presetting Field Values in Report Transactions

506

11.3 Optimizing SQL Statements through Secondary Indexes

511

11.3.1 Database Organization Fundamentals

511

11.3.2 Administration for Indexes and Table Access Statistics

522

11.3.3 Rules for Creating or Changing Secondary Indexes

528

11.4 Summary

537

11.5 Questions

539

12 SAP Buffering

543

12.1 Table Buffering Fundamentals

545

12.1.1 Buffering Types

545

12.1.2 Buffer Accessing

548

12.1.3 Buffer Synchronization

550

12.1.4 Activating Buffering

553

12.1.5 Which Tables Should Be Buffered?

555

12.2 Monitoring Table Buffering on the ABAP Server

557

12.2.1 Table Access Statistics

558

12.2.2 Analyzing Buffered Tables

562

12.2.3 Analyzing Tables That Are Not Buffered Currently

566

12.2.4 Detailed Table Analysis

568

12.2.5 Monitoring Buffer Synchronization (Table DDLOG Entries)

571

12.2.6 Expensive SQL Statements Due to Incorrect Buffering

573

12.3 Monitoring Object-Oriented Application Buffers

574

12.4 Summary

580

12.5 Questions

581

13 Optimizing Database Queries with SAP HANA

583

13.1 Basic Principles of the Main Memory Database in SAP HANA

585

13.1.1 Column-Based Data Storage

587

13.1.2 Data Compression

588

13.1.3 Data Storage in Main Memory

592

13.1.4 Indexing

594

13.1.5 Text Search and Categorization

597

13.2 Architecture of SAP HANA

598

13.3 Data Modeling from a Performance View

601

13.3.1 Table and Index Design

601

13.3.2 Designing Database Views and SELECT Statements

603

13.3.3 Design of Writing Applications

613

13.4 SAP HANA Administration Tools for Performance Optimization

614

13.4.1 Analyzing Main Memory and CPU Resources

618

13.4.2 Identifying Expensive SQL Statements

625

13.4.3 Analyzing Expensive SQL Statements: Execution Plan and Plan Visualization

634

13.5 Technical Optimization Options in Detail

651

13.5.1 Monitoring Table Size, Loading, and Unloading

653

13.5.2 Monitoring Delta Indexes

659

13.5.3 Creating Indexes

665

13.5.4 SAP HANA Cached Views

668

13.5.5 Partitioning and Scaling

675

13.5.6 Reducing Data via Deletion or Displacement

680

13.5.7 Replication

688

13.6 Summary

691

13.7 Questions

693

14 Optimizing Queries in SAP Business Warehouse

695

14.1 Fundamentals of SAP Business Warehouse

696

14.1.1 Overview of the Most Important Concepts in SAP BW

697

14.1.2 InfoCubes and Extended Star Schemas

701

14.1.3 DataStore Objects

713

14.1.4 Data Modeling from a Performance View

716

14.1.5 Query Execution

719

14.2 SAP BW Administration Tools for Performance Optimization

721

14.2.1 Analysis of Expensive SAP BW Queries

722

14.2.2 SAP BW Statistics in the Workload Monitor

727

14.3 Technical Optimization Options in Detail

730

14.3.1 Managing Indexing and Database Statistics

732

14.3.2 Settings on Data Selection

739

14.3.3 Compressing the Fact Table

740

14.3.4 Monitoring the OLAP Cache

742

14.3.5 Optimizing Reports

746

14.3.6 Aggregates

747

14.4 Summary

757

14.5 Questions

759

Appendices

761

A Database Monitors

763

A.1 SAP MaxDB

767

A.2 SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise

777

A.3 IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows

784

A.4 IBM DB2 for IBM i

791

A.5 IBM DB2 for z/OS

803

A.6 Oracle

810

A.7 Microsoft SQL Server

819

B Important Transaction Codes

825

C Review Questions and Answers

831

C.1 Questions on Chapter 2: Analysis of Hardware, Database, and ABAP Application Server

831

C.2 Questions on Chapter 3: Workload Analysis

831

C.3 Questions on Chapter 4: Hardware Sizing and Component Distribution”

832

C.4 Questions on Chapter 5: Optimization of ABAP Programs

832

C.5 Questions on Chapter 6: Memory Management

833

C.6 Questions on Chapter 7: Load Distribution, Remote Function Calls, and SAP GUI”

833

C.7 Questions on Chapter 8: Internet Connection and SAP Fiori

833

C.8 Questions on Chapter 9: Optimizing Java Programs

834

C.9 Questions on Chapter 10: Locks

834

C.10 Questions on Chapter 11: Optimizing SQL Statements

835

C.11 Questions on Chapter 12: SAP Buffering

835

C.12 Questions on Chapter 13: Optimizing Database Queries with SAP HANA

835

C.13 Questions on Chapter 14: Optimizing Queries to SAP Business Warehouse

836

D Glossary

837

E Information Sources

849

E.1 General

849

E.2 Additional Information on Chapter 1

850

E.3 Additional Information on Chapter 2

851

E.4 Additional Information on Chapter 3

853

E.5 Additional Information on Chapter 4

854

E.6 Additional Information on Chapter 5

856

E.7 Additional Information on Chapter 6

857

E.8 Additional Information on Chapter 7

858

E.9 Additional Information on Chapter 8

859

E.10 Additional Information on Chapter 9

861

E.11 Additional Information on Chapter 10

862

E.12 Additional Information on Chapter 11

863

E.13 Additional Information on Chapter 12

863

E.14 Additional Information on Chapter 13

863

E.15 Additional Information on Chapter 14

866

F The Author

871