1 SAP HANA Overview

19

1.1 Features

19

1.1.1 Main Memory and CPU Innovations

21

1.1.2 Storage Innovations

22

1.1.3 Data Compression

23

1.1.4 Data Partitioning

25

1.2 Architecture

27

1.3 Platform Capabilities

29

1.4 Use Cases

30

1.4.1 Side-by-Side Scenario

30

1.4.2 Fully Integrated Scenarios

32

1.4.3 New Applications

32

1.5 Summary

33

2 Code-to-Data Paradigm

35

2.1 What Is the Code-to-Data Paradigm?

35

2.2 Bottom-Up Approach

38

2.2.1 Using Native SQL

39

2.2.2 Using Proxy Objects

40

2.3 Top-Down Approach

41

2.3.1 Using Transparent Optimization

42

2.3.2 Using ABAP SQL

43

2.3.3 Using ABAP-Managed Database Procedures

45

2.3.4 Using Core Data Services

45

2.4 Performance Benefits of Code-to-Data Techniques

46

2.5 Summary

49

3 Development Environments

51

3.1 Evolution of Programming Languages and Development Tools

51

3.2 SAP HANA Studio

54

3.2.1 Compatibility Checks

56

3.2.2 Download

60

3.2.3 Installation

64

3.2.4 Basic Navigation and Actions

67

3.2.5 ABAP Perspective

72

3.2.6 Modeler Perspective

75

3.2.7 Administration Perspective

83

3.3 SAP HANA Client

87

3.4 ABAP Development Tools

88

3.4.1 Overview

88

3.4.2 Installation

90

3.5 SAP Business Technology Platform, ABAP Environment

99

3.6 Summary

101

4 Native SQL

103

4.1 Executing Native SQL Statements

104

4.1.1 Literals and Host Variables

105

4.1.2 Statement for Cursor Processing

105

4.1.3 Database Procedure Calls

106

4.1.4 Statements for Establishing Database Connections

107

4.1.5 Data Type Compatibility

108

4.2 ABAP Database Connectivity

109

4.2.1 Querying the Database

110

4.2.2 DDL and DML Operations

115

4.2.3 Secondary Connections

118

4.2.4 Precautions While Using ABAP Database Connectivity

120

4.3 Summary

121

5 SQLScript Programming

123

5.1 What Is SQLScript?

123

5.1.1 SQL versus SQLScript

124

5.1.2 Types of SQLScript Statements

125

5.1.3 Prerequisites

125

5.2 SQL Query Template

128

5.2.1 Creating a Schema

128

5.2.2 Creating Tables

129

5.3 Stored Procedures

131

5.3.1 Creating Procedures

131

5.3.2 Deleting Procedures

133

5.4 User-Defined Functions

133

5.4.1 Joins and GROUP BY Clauses

135

5.4.2 Subqueries

137

5.5 Constructs

139

5.5.1 Local Scalar Variables

139

5.5.2 Local Table Variables

139

5.5.3 Conditional Statements

140

5.5.4 FOR Loops and WHILE Loops

141

5.5.5 Operators

141

5.5.6 Emptiness Check for Tables and Table Variables

143

5.5.7 Getting the Number of Records for Tables and Table Variables

144

5.6 Cursors

144

5.6.1 Example Cursor

145

5.6.2 Looping over Cursors

146

5.7 Transactional Statements

147

5.8 Dynamic SQL

148

5.9 Exception Handing

149

5.9.1 Continue after Handling

149

5.9.2 Block Parallel Execution

150

5.10 Arrays

150

5.10.1 Creating an Array

150

5.10.2 Accessing the Array

151

5.10.3 Concatenating Arrays

151

5.10.4 Converting a Table into an Array

151

5.10.5 Unpacking an Array into a Table

152

5.10.6 Deleting or Trimming an Array

152

5.10.7 Cardinality in Arrays

153

5.11 SQL Injection Prevention Functions

153

5.12 Explicit Parallel Execution

154

5.13 System Variables

155

5.14 Debugging SQLScript

156

5.15 Summary

158

6 ABAP-Managed Database Procedures

159

6.1 Introduction

159

6.1.1 ABAP-Managed Database Procedure Framework

161

6.1.2 Development Environment for AMDP

163

6.2 Creating AMDP Classes

166

6.2.1 Prerequisites

166

6.2.2 Implementing AMDP Methods

168

6.2.3 Calling AMDP Methods in Applications

170

6.2.4 Using Multiple Selection Criteria

174

6.2.5 Feature Support Check Using Global Classes

177

6.3 Enhancements

180

6.3.1 AMDP BAdI Overview

180

6.3.2 AMDP BAdI Implementation

185

6.3.3 AMDP BAdI Definition

189

6.3.4 AMDP BAdI Calls

196

6.4 Exception Handling

199

6.5 Debugging

202

6.5.1 AMDP Debugging before SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP 7.5

203

6.5.2 AMDP Debugging with SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP 7.5

208

6.5.3 AMDP Dump Analysis Using Transaction ST22

209

6.6 Tools

214

6.6.1 AMDP Dependencies for ABAP and SAP HANA

214

6.6.2 AMDP Precondition Checks

215

6.6.3 AMDP Consistency Check for AMDP Table Functions

216

6.6.4 Delete Obsolete AMDPs

218

6.7 Summary

218

7 Modeling

219

7.1 What Is Modeling for SAP HANA?

219

7.1.1 Measures and Attributes

220

7.1.2 Dimensions

220

7.1.3 Fact Tables

221

7.1.4 Star Schemas

222

7.1.5 Hierarchies

223

7.1.6 Semantics

224

7.1.7 Joins

224

7.2 Information Views

229

7.2.1 Features

230

7.2.2 Information View Types

231

7.3 Calculation Views

232

7.3.1 Creating Dimension Calculation Views

233

7.3.2 Creating Calculated Attributes

235

7.3.3 Time Dimension-Based Calculated Views

237

7.3.4 Base Tables Aliases

238

7.3.5 Hidden Columns

240

7.3.6 Labels and Hidden Attributes

241

7.3.7 Using Measures in Calculation Views

241

7.4 Modeling Functions

243

7.4.1 Using a Hierarchy

243

7.4.2 Restricted Columns

250

7.4.3 Calculated Columns

252

7.4.4 Filtering Data

256

7.4.5 Using Variables and Input Parameters

258

7.4.6 Currency Conversion

263

7.4.7 Decision Tables

265

7.5 SQL in Information Models

270

7.5.1 Query a Modeled Hierarchy Using SQLScript

271

7.5.2 Creating and Using Functions in Information Views

271

7.5.3 Procedures in Calculation Views

272

7.6 Virtual Data Models

275

7.6.1 SAP HANA Live

275

7.6.2 SAP S/4HANA Embedded Analytics and Core Data Services Views

280

7.7 Optimizing Data Models

284

7.7.1 Tools to Check Model Performance

284

7.7.2 Good Modeling Practices

286

7.8 Summary

290

8 Core Data Services

291

8.1 The Evolution of Core Data Services

291

8.2 Introduction

295

8.2.1 Domain-Specific Languages

295

8.2.2 Availability and Features

296

8.2.3 Integration with ABAP

297

8.3 Defining CDS Views

298

8.3.1 Using Templates

300

8.3.2 Structure Definition

304

8.3.3 Creating CDS Views in ADT

307

8.3.4 Syntax and Naming Guidelines

310

8.4 Built-In Functions and Expressions

312

8.4.1 Numeric Built-In Functions

312

8.4.2 String Functions

315

8.4.3 COALESCE Function

321

8.4.4 Conversion Functions

323

8.4.5 Date and Time Functions

334

8.5 Annotations

349

8.5.1 Scope of Annotations

349

8.5.2 Types of Annotations

351

8.6 Associations

351

8.6.1 Defining Associations

352

8.6.2 Cardinality

354

8.6.3 Types of Associations

355

8.7 Consuming CDS Views

358

8.7.1 Using ABAP SQL

359

8.7.2 Using SAP List Viewer with Integrated Data Access

360

8.8 Enhancements

364

8.8.1 CDS View Extensions

367

8.8.2 Limiting CDS View Extensibility

368

8.8.3 Finding CDS Extensions to Enhance CDS View Definitions

369

8.9 Authorization Concept

370

8.9.1 Data Control Language Overview

371

8.9.2 Data Control Language Syntax and Access Conditions

372

8.9.3 Data Control Language Source Definition

379

8.9.4 Data Control Language Source Annotations

384

8.10 CDS Table Functions

386

8.10.1 AMDP Functions

387

8.10.2 Introduction to CDS Table Functions

389

8.10.3 Defining CDS Table Functions

391

8.11 Summary

399

9 Open SQL and ABAP SQL

401

9.1 What Is Open SQL?

401

9.2 Features of Open SQL

403

9.3 ABAP SQL

410

9.3.1 Code Pushdown in ABAP SQL

412

9.3.2 Joins

423

9.4 Open SQL versus ABAP SQL Statements

430

9.4.1 Major Syntax Changes in the SELECT Query

430

9.4.2 Arithmetic Operations and String Operations

431

9.4.3 Joins and Unions

431

9.5 ABAP SQL versus CDS Views and AMDPs

432

9.5.1 CDS Views

433

9.5.2 ABAP-Managed Database Procedures

433

9.6 Summary

434

10 Business Object Processing Framework

435

10.1 Introduction to Business Object Processing Framework

435

10.2 Elements of BOPF

438

10.2.1 Nodes

439

10.2.2 Attributes

441

10.2.3 Alternate Keys

442

10.2.4 Actions

442

10.2.5 Determinations

445

10.2.6 Associations

447

10.2.7 Validations

448

10.2.8 Queries

448

10.3 BOPF API

449

10.3.1 BOPF Interface Objects

449

10.3.2 Business Object Key

451

10.3.3 BOPF Constants Interface

451

10.4 CRUD Operations Using the BOPF API

453

10.4.1 Creating Business Object Instances

453

10.4.2 Searching for Business Object Instances

456

10.4.3 Updating and Deleting Business Object Instances

457

10.5 Advanced BOPF API Features

458

10.5.1 Consistency Checks

458

10.5.2 Triggering Actions

459

10.5.3 Action Validations

460

10.5.4 Transaction Management

461

10.6 Enhancement Techniques

462

10.6.1 Enhancement Workbench

463

10.6.2 Enhancing the Business Object Data Model

464

10.7 Summary

469

11 Performance and Optimization

471

11.1 Runtime Statistics Records

472

11.2 Runtime and Statistical Analysis

475

11.2.1 Transaction SAT

476

11.2.2 ABAP Profiling Perspective

484

11.2.3 SQL Performance Trace

496

11.2.4 Single Transaction Analysis (Transaction ST12)

498

11.2.5 Explain Plan

499

11.2.6 SAP HANA Plan Visualizer

505

11.3 ABAP Code Analysis

509

11.3.1 SAP Global Check Variants

509

11.3.2 Using the ABAP Test Cockpit

510

11.3.3 ABAP Test Cockpit Administration

516

11.4 System-Wide Analysis

521

11.4.1 Database Administrator Cockpit

522

11.4.2 SQL Monitor

524

11.5 SQL Performance Optimization

526

11.5.1 Guided Performance Analysis

527

11.5.2 SQL Performance Tuning Worklist

528

11.5.3 Recommended Static Checks

532

11.6 Summary

533

12 SAP Business Technology Platform, ABAP Environment

535

12.1 Introduction to Application Development in the Cloud with SAP

535

12.2 ABAP Environment in the Cloud

540

12.2.1 Architecture

541

12.2.2 Creating an ABAP Trial Instance

542

12.2.3 Connecting SAP HANA Studio to SAP BTP, Cloud Foundry Environment

546

12.2.4 ABAP Restrictions in the Cloud

549

12.2.5 Migrating ABAP Applications to the Cloud

552

12.3 Creating ABAP Repository Objects in the Cloud

555

12.3.1 Creating ABAP Packages in the Cloud

556

12.3.2 Creating ABAP Database Tables in the Cloud

560

12.3.3 Creating ABAP Classes in the Cloud

564

12.3.4 Creating ABAP CDS Views in the Cloud

569

12.4 Summary

572

Appendices

575

A Programming Guidelines

577

A.1 Classic Approach to Retrieve Data in ABAP Context

577

A.2 Usage of Open SQL Statements

580

A.3 Guidelines to Use Open SQL for Any Database

580

A.4 Guidelines to Use Open SQL for an SAP HANA Database

582

A.5 Guidelines to Use Buffered Table

585

A.6 Usage of FOR ALL ENTRIES Clause on an SAP HANA Database

585

A.7 General Rules for the Code Pushdown Paradigm

585

B Code Migration

589

B.1 Custom Code Migration for SAP HANA

589

B.2 Global ABAP Test Cockpit Checks for SAP HANA Database Migration

594

B.3 Custom Code Analysis and Adaptation for SAP HANA

604

C The Authors

637